The terms are often used interchangeably, but an EMR typically refers to an individual’s patient record created in a single healthcare setting, whereas an EHR typically collects data cumulatively across healthcare settings. Because TAC can provide information tailored and responsive to each individual’s level of understanding and needs, this approach can accommodate diverse users with differing cultural needs and varying levels of health, technological, and reading literacies (Gibbons et al., 2011). TAC offers great potential to lessen the digital divide and address healthcare disparities that exist in many traditional models of care. Even with access, some people may not be able to engage in TAC readily due to challenges with technological literacy, health literacy, or reading literacy.<\/p>\n
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Of course, negative effects are not unique to apps, but have also been reported for Internet interventions88, face\u2010to\u2010face psychotherapies89, and virtual reality treatments90. The number of smartphone mental health apps has been estimated at 10,00080 and remains a dynamic landscape, with new apps frequently introduced and others disappearing from the marketplace81. Despite the growing popularity of LLM\u2010powered chatbots for mental health support, this field remains underexplored at its current stage, particularly related to the lack of transparency in training data, explainability of models, and standardized evaluation methods69. In diagnosis, LLMs can facilitate data\u2010driven assessments of mental health conditions, sometimes matching clinicians\u2019 ability, for instance in predicting depression scores based on clinical data63. Furthermore, the multimodal capabilities of modern LLMs enable them to process not just text but also voice and image inputs56, 57, expanding their versatility in digital mental health.<\/p>\n